programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-targeted monoclonal antibodies.Several antibodies or markers from tissue samples may be useful in the diagnosis and prognostication of disease. Other malignant pulmonary neoplasms include lymphoma and sarcoma (rare).Įach subtype has different radiographic appearances, demographics, and prognoses: most common primary lung malignancy to cause paraneoplastic syndromes and SVC obstruction.most common cell type in non-smokers but still most patients are smokers.non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (80%).These are broadly divided into non-small cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma as they differ clinically regarding presentation, treatment, and prognosis: The term bronchogenic carcinoma is somewhat loosely used to refer to primary malignancies of the lung that are associated with inhaled carcinogens 1 and includes four main histological subtypes. Other symptoms may be secondary to metastases (bone, contralateral lung, brain, adrenal glands, and liver, in frequency order for NSCLC 12) or paraneoplastic syndromes. Pneumonia, pleural effusion, wheeze, lymphadenopathy are not uncommon. Cough and dyspnea are rather non-specific symptoms that are common amongst those with lung cancer.Ĭentral tumors may result in hemoptysis and peripheral lesions with pleuritic chest pain. Patients with lung cancer may be asymptomatic in up to 50% of cases. thrombophlebitis: adenocarcinoma subtype.hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA): squamous cell carcinoma subtype.limbic encephalitis: particularly associated with SCLC 9.PTH-related peptide (PTHrp) causing hypercalcemia: squamous cell carcinoma.hypocalcemia: occurs in the setting of skeletal metastases especially associated with NSCLC 6.hyperparathyroidism: NSCLC can produce parathyroid hormone (extremely rare) 8.adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease): from bilateral metastases 7.ACTH secretion ( Cushing syndrome): carcinoid and small-cell subtypes.SIADH causing hyponatremia: small-cell subtype.
Various paraneoplastic syndromes can arise in the setting of lung cancer: